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AUTHOR: 


HOLMES,  DAV 


H. 


TITLE: 


SEVERAL  PAPERS  ON 
THE  PHILOSOPHY... 


PLACE: 


BROOKLYN,  N.Y 


DA  TE : 


1903 


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■in  Mil  ■■tl  Ml  I    I       I 


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1 


Holinas,  David  H        ^9^^" 

Several  papers  on  the  philosophy  of  the  composi- 
tion of  verbs  with  prepositions,  as  illustrated  by 
the  Greek  of  Thucydidest  by  David  Hf  Holmes ••• 
Brooklyn,  N.Y., Eastern  District  High  School,  1903. 


39  p, 


18^-  cm. 


Reprint  no.  1,  from  the  New  York  Latin  leaflet, 
19  01-'02.. 


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Several  Papers  on  the  Philoso- 
phy of  the  Composition  of 
Verbs  with  Prepositions — as 
Illustrated  bv  the  Greek  ot 
Thiicydides 


■%' 


15  V 

DAVID  H    HOLMhS,  PhD 

Eastkrn  District  High  School,  Brookl-j  n-New  Vork  j  Some- 
time Fellow  and  Scholar  in  Johns  Hovkins  Univer- 
sity y  Formerly  Professor  or  Latin  in  the  Univer- 
sity OF  Kansas;   Author  of  **  Index  I  vsiacis"  Etc 


Reprir'  \<>  i 
From  The  New  York  ]  ;uin  I.ea.lcc,    i 

Eastern  Districi    Higi   Schoo! 
Brooklyn    ^'  •      York 

1903 


tl-'.? 


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LHI 


This  book  is  due  two  weekt  from  the  last  date 
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Several  Papers  on  the  Philoso- 
phy of  the  Composition  of 
Verbs  with  Prepositions — as 
Illustrated  by  the  Greek  of 
Thucydides 


BY 


DAVID  H    HOLMES,  PhD 

Eastern  District  High  School,  Brooklyn-New  York  ;  Some- 
time Fellow  and  Scholar  in  Johns  Hopkins  Univer- 
sity ;   Formerly  Professor  of  Latin  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Kansas;   Author  of  **  Index  Lysiacus''  Etc 


Reprint  No  i 
From  The  New  York  Latin  Leaflet,  1 901 -'02 

Eastern  District  High  School 
Brooklyn-New  York 

1903 


( 

O 

\  ? 

r 

fU 

:5 

IJL 

TO  MY   PRINCIPAL 

WILLIAM  T  VLYMEN,  PhD 

under  whose   encouragement  and   support  The   New 

York  Latin  Club  and  The  New  York  Latin  Leaflet 

were  founded  and  the  establishment  of  The  New 

York  High  School  College  Entrance  Scholarship 

Fund  was  undertaken,  and  whose  patience 

and    kindly    encouragement    are    sources 

of  gratification  and  inspiration  to  all 

of  his    teachers,    the    following 

pages  are  sincerely  inscribed. 


434:397 


( 


Reviews  of  "Die  mit  Propositionen  zusammen- 
gesetzten  Verben  bei  Thukydides  "  (Berlin 
Weidmann  1895),  of  which  the  following 
papers  constitute  aretranslation  into  English, 
will  be  found  in 

Deutsche  Litteraiurzeitung,  No  24,  1895. 
Wochenschrift  filr  klassische  Fhilologie,   No  45, 

1895. 
Berliner    philologische     Wochenschrift,    No     15, 

1896. 
Zeitschrift  filr  die  oestreichischen  Gymnasien,  No 
47.  1896. 


ORIGINAL  MEMBERS  OF 


THE  NEW  YORK  LATIN  CLUB 


Several  Papers  on  the  Philosophy  of  the  Com- 
position of  Verbs  with  Prepositions  in  Qreelc 
—as  Illustrated  by  the  Greek  of  Thucydides 


DAVID  H   HOLMES 
HARRY    F   TOWLE 
ARCHIBALD    L   HODGES 
EUGENE  W  HARTER 
HIRAM  H  BICE 


FIRST  PAPER 


Analysis  of  Treatment 

Upooiuiov 

1.  Definition  and  Scope  of  Subject 

2.  Justification  and  Aim 

I  A  Consideration  of  the  Individual  Prepositions 

(i)  avd      (2)  avTl      (3)  a7r6      (4)  did      (5)  kn      (6)  h 

(7)  €771      (8)  k  {ek)     (9)  '^«^«     (10)  ^^'^      (")  ^'7 
(aiv)      (12)  irapd      (13)  Trepi      (14)  TTp6     (15)  ^P^c 

(16)  vTTip     (17)  V7r6 

II  Statistical  Tables 
(i)  Explanation 

(2)  Table  I  General  Table  of  Statistics 

(3)  Table  II  Showing  Prepositional  Ranges 

III  An  Examination  of  the  Statistics 
(i)  Introductory 

(a)  Fundamental  notion  of  the  verb 


2  Composition  of  Verbs 

(b)  Fundamental  notion  of  the  preposition 

(c)  Kinship  of  motion  and  place 

(2)  Internal  Modification 

(3)  External  Modification 

(4)  Statement  of  Main  Thesis 

i)  Physical  Motion 

2)  Motion  as  Existence 

3)  Motion  as  Speech 

4)  Motion  as  Thought  and  Perception 

5)  Objections  refuted 

(a)  l3d72io     (b)  rpd(l>u     (c)  Uveo/iat     (d)  arahj 

6)  Evidence  from  diprothetics 

7)  Evidence  from  triprothetics 

8)  Suggested  Corollaries 

(a)  Favoritism  of  Verbs  for  Prepositions 

(b)  Extension  and  Reinforcement 

(c)  Exclusion 

(d)  Usurpation 

(e)  Phraseological  Expressions 

(f)  Loss  of  Color  of  Prepositions 

(g)  Relative  Consciousness  of  Prepositions 

1)  Argument  from  diprothetics 

a)  Principles   underlying  diprothetic  composi- 
tion 

b)  Tendency  toward  strength  of  combination 

2)  Argument  from  triprothetics 

(i)  Statement  of  Theorem 
(2)  Statement  of  Corollaries 


^r^  \ 


k 


r 

I 


WITH  Prepositions  3 

Definition  and  Scope  of  Subject 

In  Greek  the  subject  of  composition  in  general  has 
received  but  little  attention.  So  far  as  I  know,  the 
chapter  which  I  have  undertaken  has  not  been  treated 
at  all.  And,  while  the  virginity  of  the  soil  is  not 
its  least  attractive  feature  and  does  not  of  necessity 
insure  a  rich  yield,  yet  I  believe  that  Greek  offers 
greater  inducements  to  the  student  of  this  chapter  of 
the  subject  than  either  Sanskrit  or  Latin.  For  we 
are  not  beset  on  the  one  hand  by  the  obscurity  re- 
sulting from  a  lack  of  crystallization  in  the  early 
Sanskrit,  nor  on  the  other  by  the  subtlety  re- 
sulting from  metaphorical  usage  in  the  more  recent 
Latin.  Yet  there  will  be  sufficient  of  both  obscurity 
and  subtlety  remaining  to  satisfy  and  justify,  if  not, 
indeed,  to  mystify,  though  it  is  not  difficult  to  see 
that  my  task  is  lightened  by  the  limitations  given  to 
my  subject.  The  question  of  composition  in  general 
presents  many  different  phases.  But  when  we  have 
confined  our  discussion  to  the  composition  of  verbs 
with  prepositions,  we  have  before  us  at  least  a 
definite  if  not  an  easy  task.  Yet  to  stop  here  is  still 
to  include  too  much,  for  there  still  remain  three 
perils  to  be  avoided.  The  first  of  these  is  the  prin- 
ciples governing  the  change  of  meaning  caused  by 
composition.  Principles  and  causes  doubtless  there 
are,  but  as  yet  undiscovered.  To  know  and  under- 
stand all  the  causes  would  require,  it  seems  to  me, 
all  the  original  situations  which  led  the  way  to  the 
first  step  in  the  change,  together  with  the  situations 
giving  rise  to  the    second,  and  so  on,  most  of  which 


4  Composition  of  Verbs 

must  have  been  from  the  necessity  of  the  case  collo- 
quial, and  hence  not  preserved  in  the  records  access- 
ible to  us.     The  second  is  the  much  vexed  question, 
full   of   unsolved   riddles,   the   principles   underlying 
the  case  constructions  of  compounds.     In  seeking  to 
avoid  this  peril  I  cannot  reproach  myself,  seeing  that 
grammarians  have  uniformly  treated  it  with  the  same 
respect.      The   constructions   of   the   cases— whether 
due  to  the  verb  or  to  the  preposition  or  to  both,  and 
to  what  extent  the  influence  of  each  is  felt,— are  ques- 
tions   that    have    been    standing   puzzles    ever    since 
Greek  Philology  became  a  science.     The  third  is  the 
influence  of  the  preposition   in  composition  on   the 
voice  of  the  verb.     Here  again  the  mist  has  not  yet 
cleared  away.     Even  Rutherford  in  his  A'e7c>  Phvyni- 
chus,    after  bewildering  us  with  a  maze  of  rhetoric, 
leaves  us  still  ill  at  ease.     I  have  endeavored,  there- 
fore so  to  state  my  subject  as  to  enable  me  to  escape 

these  dangers. 

I  shall  confine  myself  to  Thucydides  for  good  and 
sufficient  reasons.     In  the  first  place  his  history  is 
sufficiently  comprehensive  in  scope,  kind  and  material, 
so  that  results  based  on  his  language,  will  be  for  the 
most  part  applicable  to  the  whole  of  the  language. 
Again,  he  occupies  a  place  midway  between  the  early 
and  late  periods  of  classical  Greek.    The  forms  have 
had  time  to  crystallize,  but  their  usage  has  not  yet 
become    seriously   warped   from   its   natural   course. 
Thirdly,  he  is  also  quite  accessible  by  reason  of  von 
R<;j>pn^s    Index    TJnuvdideiis   2Xi^  the  attention  he  has 
received  in  Ljddell^d  Scott's  lexicon. 

If  any  justificatioiTirneeded  for  undertaking  such 


) 


\y 


H    ► 


"I 


WITH  Prepositions  5 

a  task,  it  is  found  in  the  interest  and  instruction 
which  attach  to  the  answers  to  the  following  ques- 
tions : 

(i)  What  are  the  combinable  prepositions? 

(2)  What  are  the  combinable  verbs? 

(3)  What  verbs  combine  with  only  one  preposi- 
tion? with  only  two?  with  only  three?  etc. 

(4)  As  the  range  of  prepositions  increases,  how 
is  the  range  of  verbs  affected? 

(5)  What  class  of  verbs  possesses  the  greatest  af- 
finity for  prepositions,  and  why? 

(6)  Has  the  preposition  lost  its  color  in  any  com- 
pounds ? 

(7)  If    so.    in    what    compounds    and    how    is    it 

shown  ? 

(8)  What  verbs  have  the  greatest  ranges  of  prepo- 
sitions? 

(9)  What  prepositions  have  the  greatest  ranges  of 

verbs? 

(10)  What  compounds  are  used  more  than  the 
simples  and  have  usurped  as  it  were  the  places  of  the 

simples? 

(11)  What  prepositions  are  the  favorites  of  the 
different  verbs? 

(12)  What  verbs  are  the  favorites  of  the  different 

prepositions? 

(13)  What  is  the  range  of  diprothetics  and  tri- 
prothetics  both  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  preposi- 
tion and  of  the  verb? 

(14)  In  short,  what  are  the  principles  underlying 
the  limitations  of  the  composition  of  verbs  with  prep- 
ositions? 


6  Composition  of  Verbs 

(15)  Are  these  principles  ever  set  aside,  and  if 
so,  by  the  action  of  what  counter-influences? 

To  answer  the  above  questions  for  Thucydides  will 
be  the  modest  aim  of  these  papers.  It  is  perhaps  pos- 
sible to  predict  the  answers  to  some  of  these  ques- 
tions, but  it  is  none  the  less  pleasing  to  have  one's 
predictions  verified  by  actual  results.  With  this  aim 
in  view,  then,  I  shall  present  the  following  material : 
ist,  A  consideration  of  the  individual  prepositions 
with  statistics.  2d,  Statistical  tables  for  monoprothet- 
ics,  diprothetics  and  triprothetics.  3d,  An  examina- 
tion of  the  statistics. 


'»     ^ 


WITH  Prepositions 


^4^ 


/ 


SECOND  PAPER 

I  A  Consideration  of  the  Individual  Prepositions 

The  test  of  a  proper  preposition  is  its  ability  to 
combine  with  verbs.  It  is  only  necessary  to  strike 
cififi  out  of  the  list  of  proper  prepositions  to  get  the 
range  of  combinable  prepositions  in  Thucydides. 
They  all  occur  in  their  simple  form  (''H'  and  ^W^ 
twice  each).  The  compounds  of  <if^<!>K  like  the  prepo- 
sition, are  mostly  confined  to  poetry. 

avd.     The  case  of  ava  is  different.     While  the  sim- 
ple preposition    is   confined   mostly   to   phrases   and 
poetry,   it  survives  in  composition,  having  a  range 
of  77  verbs  in  Thucydides.    Its  favorite  verb  is  x^W^'^: 
with  which  it  occurs  144  times.     It  is  the  favorite 
preposition  of  5  verbs,  not  counting  its  exclusives. 
It  combines  exclusively  with  17  verbs,  of  which  9 
are  aTvaE  elpr/utva.     In  one  of  these,  avolyw^ui.  the  place 
of  the  simple  has  been  usurped  by  the  compound  m 
prose.     The    simple   olyvvfn    belongs    to    poetry.     In 
ava/JcKco  and  ava/Mo>,  we  have  probable  usurpations  of 
old  simples  which  had  passed  out  of  the  language  m 
pre-historic  times.     'Ava  does  not  occur  as  first  ele- 
ment in  diprothetics  or  triprothetics.     The  range  of 
the  simple  «^«,  like  afupi,  is  largely  poetic. 
avrl.     The  simple  preposition  civrl    occurs  52  times 


^4  \  1 


8 


Composition  of  Verbs 


in  Thucydides.  It  is  found  in  composition  with  80 
verbs,  of  which  48  are  monoprothetic,  27  diprothetic 
and  5  triprothetic.  No  other  preposition  occurs  more 
than  once  in  triprothetics.  Its  favorite  verb  is  i^x^'> 
with  which  it  combines  41  times.  Other  favorites 
are  'Kyrr^f^^  and  d^rov.  It  combines  exclusively  with  10 
verbs,  of  which  7  are  cnra^  elprjfiEva. 

aTTo.  The  simple  a-b  occurs  634  times.  It  has  a 
combinable  range  of  114  verbs,  of  which  112  are 
monoprothetic,  and  2  diprothetic.  The  favorite  verb 
is  LKvhjuai,  in  composition  with  which  it  occurs  192 
times.  It  is  the  favorite  preposition  of  22  verbs,  not 
counting  its  exclusives.  It  is  the  exclusive  prepo- 
sition of  23  verbs,  of  which  15  are  n^n^  nfniuha.  In 
^iravrdid,  we  have  a  usurpation  of  the  simple  (ivrau^ 
which  is  limited  to  poetry.  The  compounds  aTzonTEivo), 
its  passive  cnzodvyaKG),  and  cKpiKvhfiai  are  equivalents  of 
their  respective  simples,  except  in  the  perfect  and 
pluperfect  of  OvyoKO),  which  are  rarely  compounded  in 
Attic  Greek,  never  in  Thucydides.  In  a7^o/./^•//^  we 
have  a  complete  usurpation,  the  form  b}lviu  being  re- 
stricted to  poetry.     Homer  has  ^'o 6//17//   in  so-, 

called  tmesis,  where  the  prepositional  element  was 
strongly  felt.  To  say,  however,  with  Liddell  and 
Scott,  that  a-o/lviii  is  a  stronger  form  of  6/ />•///,  pre- 
supposes a  weaker  o/j.via  for  Attic  prose,  which  does 
not  exist;  cl-o^jxhu  is  stronger  than  arroKreivu^  just  as 
bl?.v/LLt  is  stronger  than  Krelvu.  'ATzexOdvouai  is  a  usur- 
pation of  the  poetic  ^.r^^. 

(^td.  In  the  simple  form  (^td  occurs  534  times.  It 
has  a  range  of  loi  verbs,  98  of  which  are  monopro- 
thetic and  3  diprothetic.    ^Oeipco  is  its  favorite  verb. 


f  'iV 


[f 


i 


\> 


WITH  Prepositions  9 

with  which  it  combines  151  times.  It  is  the  favorite 
of  14  verbs,  though  the  favoritism  is  not  so  sharply 
defined  as  in  the  prepositions  treated  above.  It  has 
an  exclusive  range  of  18  verbs,  of  which  10  are 
(X7ra^  elprjiiha.  In  iha(pMpu^  we  have  an  effort  to  usurp 
<f>di:ipo)^  the  proportion  standing  375 -i-  The  place  of 
wfw,  largely  confined  to  poetry,  is  taken  in  prose  by 
its  compounds;  ^^^a  being  its  favorite  preposition  by 
more  than  4  to  i. 

ff.  The  preposition  H  occurs  in  simple  form  897 
times.  It  has  a  range  of  89  verbs  of  which  85  are 
monoprothetic,  4  diprothetic.  "E^.to/za/  {I'/dtiv)  is  its 
favorite  verb,  with  which  it  combines  47  times. 
ne//7rw  is  also  a  marked  favorite.  'E^"  is  favorite 
preposition  of  8  verbs,  not  counting  its  exclusives. 
The  favoritism  of  ef  for  verbs  or  of  verbs  for  ^^  is 
not  strongly  marked.  Its  exclusive  range  consists  of 
17  verbs  of  which  9  are  arra^  elpr^fitva.  The  simple 
dprvo)  is  superseded  by  the  compounds  in  ko.t<i  and  ^s,  fs 
alone  occurring  in  Thucydides. 

ev.  The  preposition  ^'v  occurs  1794  times,  in  which 
respect  it  stands  first  in  the  list.  This  fact  is  rather 
remarkable  considering  that  it  governs  but  one  case. 
It  has  a  combinable  range  of  67  verbs,  55  being 
monoprothetic  and  12  diprothetic.  Its  favorite  verb 
is  6i6o)/it  with  which  it  combines  38  times.  It  is 
the  favorite  preposition  of  3  verbs,  the  preference 
being  marked  with  Tzi/iiTrpr/fit  which  is  superseded  in 
prose  by  efiTvifiTzpT^jLLL  Its  exclusive  range  consists  of 
13  verbs  of  which  11  are  ano^  dpy^itva.  In  tvavrwofint 
and  efiTrljUTTpTfjut  we  have  usurpations,  the  simple  of  the 


lo  CoMrosiTioN  OF  Verbs 

former  being  restricted  to  Ionic  Greek,  of  the  latter 

to  poetry. 

eTTi.  The  simple  t^^  occurs  1216  times.  It  has  a 
range  of  156  verbs  in  which  respect  it  heads  the  list 
of  prepositions.  117  are  monoprothetic,  39  dipro- 
thetic.  Its  favorite  verb  is  f ^> ;  yiyi^ofiai  and  t/Mv 
are  also  favorites,  all  3  having  f^r^  for  their  favor- 
ite preposition.  It  is  the  favorite  prepositional  ele- 
ment of  23  verbs.  Here  as  in  all  cases  excliisives 
are  not  counted.  It  has  an  exclusive  range  of  20 
verbs,  of  which  5  are  aira^  tipiifitva.  There  is  no  case 
of  complete  usurpation  with  ^-2  in  Thucydides. 
Though  the  simple  of  kirLfie/.tofiai  or  tTrifi^Ao^uni  does 
not  occur,  yet  its  meaning  is  sharply  differentiated 
from  that  of  the  simple.     The  spheres  are  different. 

tc.  'Ef  occurs  1692  times  in  Thucydides,  ranking 
next  to  fi',  and  like  i^',  governing  but  one  case.  Its 
range  of  verbs  is  limited  to  23,  all  of  which  are  mono- 
prothetic. Its  combinable  range  is  less  than  that  of 
any  other  preposition  in  proportion  to  the  number  of 
its  occurrences  as  a  simple  preposition.  Its  favorite 
verb  is  /3«//s  with  which  it  is  found  65  times,  and  of 
which  it  is  also  a  favorite  preposition,  ranking  next 
to  T^pog.  It  is  the  favorite  preposition  of  only  i 
verb,  aKovrl^u^  and  has  no  exclusives  and  no  usurpa- 
tions. 
Kara.     The  preposition  ^«-ft  occurs  in  simple  form 

861  times.  It  has  a  range  of  105  verbs,  104  mono- 
prothetic and  I  diprothetic.  'l(^r?/fu  is  its  favorite 
verb  with  which  it  occurs  260  times,  and  of  which  it 
is  also  the  favorite  preposition.  It  is  the  favorite 
preposition  of  16  verbs  and  has  an  exclusive  range  of 


^A       V 


WITH  Prepositions 


II 


I 


-fj^V 


\ 


25  verbs,  of  which  12  are  a^o^  Eipvfitva.  In  naTayvvfu 
we  have  a  usurpation  in  the  active  voice.  Ka^/sV«'» 
Kadijiiai  and  nadiC^i^  are  usurpations.  The  simples  are 
poetic,  ^fo//a^  and  '^'^  are  late  Greek. 

fiera.  Mera  occurs  619  times.  It  is  restricted  in 
the  range  of  its  verbs  to  24,  of  which  22  are  mono- 
prothetic and  2  diprothetic.  Its  favorite  verb  is 
'iGTrj^t.  Leaving  out  its  only  exclusive,  inTaut'/Ft^  it 
cannot  be  said  to  be  the  favorite  preposition  of  any 
verb.    Mera  is  not  a  general  favorite  in  composition. 

^vv.  Hrr  occurs  35  times.  It  is  not,  strictly  speak- 
ing, an  Attic  preposition,  surviving  chiefly  in  legal 
and  religious  phrases.  It  has  a  range  of  153  verbs, 
of  which  102  are  monoprothetic,  50  diprothetic  and 
I  triprothetic.  In  respect  of  range  of  combinable 
verbs,  it  stands  second  in  the  list  of  prepositions, 
being  next  to  ^ttI.  Its  favorite  verb  is  iia'ivi.K  with 
which  it  combines  130  times  and  of  which  it  is  the 
favorite  preposition.  It  is  the  favorite  preposition  of 
10  verbs.  It  has  an  exclusive  range  of  19  verbs,  of 
which  13  are  ""fl-f  tlpr^/uha.  There  are  no  usurpa- 
tions with  ^I'v. 

Tzapa.  The  preposition  r:apa  occurs  in  simple  form 
282  times.  It  combines  with  54  verbs  of  which  48 
are  monoprothetic  and  6  diprothetic.  El/i/  is  its 
favorite  verb,  with  which  it  occurs  173  times  and  of 
which  it  is  the  favorite  preposition.  It  is  the  favor- 
ite preposition  of  7  verbs  and  has  a  range  of  8  ex- 
clusives, 4  being  cma^  upiifiha.  Uapa  has  no  usurpa- 
tions. While  a^vio)  is  found  in  Attic  prose  only  in 
composition    (except  twice  in  Plato),  and  in  Thu- 


s\ 


12 


COMTOSITION   OF  VkRP.S 


V       1     V 


WITH  Prepositions 


13 


cydides  only  with  ^«/>«  and  err l  {Kara,  once),  yet  the 
spheres  of  each  are  sharply  defined. 

irepi  nepl  occurs  478  times.  It  has  a  range  of  43 
verbs,  all  of  which  are  monoprothetic.  Its  favorite 
verb  is  ylyvo/uat,  with  which  it  combines  48  times.  It 
is  the  favorite  preposition  of  3  verbs  and  is  the  ex- 
clusive of  2,  both  of  which  are  ii'^;  apyuha.  W^p 
has  no  usurpations. 

Tzpo.  H/;o  occurs  80  times.  It  has  a  combinable 
range  of  105  verbs,  69  being  monoprothetic,  35  dipro- 
thetic  and  i  triprothetic.  Xw/>tw  is  its  favorite  verb 
with  which  it  combines  Z7  times.  It  is  the  favorite 
preposition  of  7  verbs  and  is  the  exclusive  preposition 
.  of  6,  I  of  which  is  ciTza^  tlpr^phov.  Rpo  has  no  usur- 
pations. 

rrpog.  The  preposition  -por  occurs  in  simple  form 
861  times.  It  has  a  combinable  range  of  74  verbs  of 
which  56  are  monoprothetic,  17  diprothetic  and  i  tri- 
prothetic. Its  favorite  verb  is  [^d/JoK  with  which  it 
occurs  67  times  and  of  which  it  is  also  the  favorite 
preposition,  being  a  little  in  advance  of  h'^  It  is 
claimed  by  11  verbs  as  a  favorite  and  by  2  as  an 
exclusive.  No  ^tto^  tlpjjpeva  and  no  usurpations  oc- 
cur with   ^poc 

vrrep.  TTTf/y  occurs  64  times  and  has  a  range  of  11 
verbs,  all  of  which  are  monoprothetic.  Its  favorite 
verb  is  l^cimo,  with  which  it  occurs  9  times.  It  is  not 
a  favorite  of  any  verb  and  has  but  i  exclusive  which 
is  aira^  np7]fi£vnv.     No  usurpations. 

vTTo.  The  simple  ino  occurs  422  times.  Its  range 
of  combinable  verbs  consists  of  58,  of  which  45  are 
monoprothetic,  12  diprothetic  and  i  triprothetic.     Its 


favorite  verb  is  (ipx^,  with  which  it  combines  94 
times  and  of  which  it  is  the  favorite  preposition. 
3  verbs  claim  it  as  their  favorite  preposition  and  5  as 
an  exclusive,  of  which  i  is  aira^  elpjjfihov.  In  v-oTrrtvu 
and  i'noroTztio  we  have  usurpations  of  otztevu  found 
only  in  Aristophanes,  and  roTzho  used  once  by  Eusta- 
thius,  the  Homeric  commentator. 


14 


Composition  of  Verbs 


WITH  Prepositions 


15 


THIRD  PAPER 

II    Statistical  Tables 

This  portion  of  the  work  consists  of  four  tables.* 
The  first  shows  all  the  simple  verbs  in  Thucydides 
which  combine  with  prepositions  to  form  other  verbs. 
It  indicates  the  prepositions  so  used  and  the  number 
of  occurrences  of  both  compounds  and  simples.     It 
gives    the    complete    statistics    for    monoprothetics 
based    on    simple    verbs.      I    have    taken    no    ac- 
count of  compounds  whose  verbal  elements  are  not 
referable    to    simple    verbs.      Accordingly    I    have 
omitted  verbs  like   ^TrtKovpeo),  TrfwOvfieofiat,  kyxeipio),   re- 
ferable to  e7TiKovf)oc,  dvim  and  x^h^  respectively.     On  the 
other    hand    such    verbs    as    h^lSufit,   ^vfiTrpoBv^eofiat, 
are  included,  being    referable  to  the    simples   ^l^o)f^^ 
and  77 po6i\u£o/uat.   A  compound  like  nanjyopto)^  although 
the   verbal   element    "^mop^^    does   not   exist,    is    in- 
cluded,  since  *^we6;  is  referable  to    ayopevco.       An- 
other   example   is  hudiaLrao^at   {diaLrdo)).      Such   verbs 
are  starred.     The  second  table  shows  the  same  facts 

"^^^[^i^T^^raphical  limitations  of  The  Nevv  York  Latin  Leaflet 
from  whfch  these  papers  are  reprinted,  made  itnecessary  to  represent 
the  m^n  features  of  the  original  four  tables  in  the  two  tables  here 
dven  The  original  four  tables  gave  all  the  details  herein. described, 
fnd  can  be  consulted  in  the  monograph  (pp.  13-27)  as  originally  pub- 
lished Tn  Gern^an  under  the  Me:  Die  mit  Prdpositzonen  ^usammen- 
gc^^tzUnV^ben  bei  Thukydides  :  Weidmannsche  Buchhandlung : 
Berlin  :  1895  :  47  S  :  M  i,  60. 


for  the  diprothetics  and  triprothetics  as  the  first 
table  for  the  monoprothetics.  The  third  table  shows 
the  different  combinations  of  prepositions  as  seen 
in  diprothetics  and  triprothetics.  The  fourth  shows 
the  relative  range  of  the  prepositions,  their  favorite 
verbs  and  statistics.  It  also  combines  for  the  sake 
of  convenience  some  of  the  more  salient  points  of 
the  other  tables. 

It  is  impossible  that  the  statistics  shown  by  the 
appended  tables  should  be  absolutely  without  error. 
Infallibility  belongs  only  to  the  enthusiasm  of  youth. 
However,  the  statistics  have  been  proved  and  reproved 
several  times,  and  it  is  believed  that  no  false  impres- 
sions can  be  gotten  from  the  figures  indicated. 

Ill    An  Examination  of  the  Statistics 

Introductory 

The  preposition  is  a  local  adverb. 

The  prevalent  definition  of  the  verb  is  predication. 

There  is  no  kind  of  predication  that  does  not 
imply  motion,  actual  or  potential.  At  any  rate  in 
the  consideration  of  the  preposition  or  its  relation  to 
the  verb,  we  are  justified  in  making  that  element 
predominant  which  is  necessarily  the  most  funda- 
mental. Motion  in  a  verb,  then,  is  that  quality  in  a 
verb  which  is  capable  of  direction. 

The  fundamental  notion  of  the  preposition  is  one 
of  place.  The  deviations  from  this  notion,  the  trans- 
fers from  place  to  time,  or  the  paling  out  of  the 
original  color,  all  have  their  basis  in  the  primal 
notion  of  place. 


i6 


Composition  of  Verbs 


O    '- 


o 


3 


I- 


,.  O 


1-3 


^r^ 


3    "^    ^ 


»o    ■»*    /^ 


»~  I- 


=L  3   3 
=i-vC-  3  -« 


^>j 


3 


3 


O    Ci. 


.1 1.&^  's  4lAJJ:5.MJ-3 


Si 


9|dLUlS 

spunoduioD 

JO  9SuBi 
Ul  ^UB^ 


M     t-H  M     M  M  HH     h-l 


ONoo  cnO  t^'-'   "-lO  ininN  cn^tvoO  l^^^ 

^^     ^^^  M  M  M  MM  H^MM 


d3Jd 

MBj  -B  qDll[A\ 

•A\  sqj9A 


10        n   rtoo  CO  CO  M  vO         O   r^  CO  t^  M         CO 

a     M  M  M  M  M 


qa3A 
9;U0AB}  -AV 

s9DU9janDoo 


_i.^_^  ^1   M  r^oo  coxno  ^O  coco  r-i>0^ 
5^  5-  C^  ^  'J  coao  o  O  c^   CO  r-  rf  coO         a 

i_i  M     M  C4  M     M 


vn.3riUd/3  ^viiv 


M     M  M  MM 


S9ATSnpX3 


1^  O  coao   r--coO        u->mmcoc^vOC^>-'»^ 


sDn9q:ioadux 


in 


SDU9qioadiQ 


r-*  c<  CO  "^  c^  o^ 

C^  M     CO 


M      C^      O    O 


CO    M 


c^ 


SDUsqi 
-oadouoj^ 

sqj9A 

JO  9SU'B"^ 
9|duilS   JO 
S90U9JinDDO 


i-»co  c<  00  in  in  rx 

r^  rf  M    O^co   in  M 


CO  "^  M  N  CO  CO  00 
a   O  CI   O   "^  "^O   "^ 


in 


i^oo  M   O  CO  O  in 


CO  in-'i-cO'^coin'rfMCO 


c^  CI  c^  "^  "^  r^  '^■^ 
in  CO  CO  O  O  M 

O  inco  t^  M 


M  w   c>inc<co  O  >-*  -^c^ 

C>0   M   coco   r-^co  O  O   CI 

^O  CO  O         M    '^       CO         "H- 


(L)  .-. 


Q- 


t/) 


^  -s  ^f^  "P  -3  "r* 

'C  'G  'S  'CJ  *<::  '■<>  >to  "^ 


^e  ^a 


i_    I       r:.    ^  CL^®  '^  ^'^  ^'^ 

,    fe  fc  vl  e  cir  e.  ci.  t^  ^ 
.Si'  i  ^u^  N  t^  N  b  -=D-=^ 


T 


WITH  Prepositions 

liable  II  S/iOTvincr  Pret^ositional  Ramycs 


17 


<( 


I  ( 


S—Paivo)^    epxojuat    (eWeiv)^    ?ia^i3dvcj^ 


Number  of  verbs  combining  with: 
16  prepositions  :   i — /3ttZ/iw 

13 

12  prepositions  :   2—nif)to)  (9)  -ofiai  (3),  eljut 

9  prepositions  :  6— a>7f//w,  /3^/3dfw,  j'pa^w,  Kaleu^  M. 

ITU,  OIKEU 

8  prepositions  :   5— //fi^w,  rdcrcrw,  re/;^/f6;,  (paivD^  X^P^^ 
7  "  :   7 — a/^^'/^-dcrjw,  ytyvuaKO)^  ddov^  elnov^  ttol- 

6  prepositions  :  is—f^or/dio)^  dixo/iaL^  (h(l)KG)^  fA/cw,  yKCj^ 
KfHVD  (3)  -o//rt/  (3),  voeD  (3)  -o/za^  (3),  ok/fw  (4)  -oiiai  (2), 
6^)dw,  6f)fiiC(o,  TToXejueu,  anevdi^o)^  aravpSa),  arpecpu^  t£?Jo) 

5  prepositions  :  22—d}uvii;o/uai,  alpu^  podu^  SeUvv/uc,  elp. 
yo),  epydi^o/iai^  r/yeojuat^  laxo),  Kelevu  (3)  -o//«f  (2),  klv6v^ 

Vebu^  KOTTTio,  KpOVG)^  At)  W,  ?A>U,  judxO/IGl^  TTljUTTAff/U^  TrXf^pOU^ 

pr/yvvjui^  CTTrdw,  ari/Joj^  rpiTTu^  (j>evycd^  ojOecj 
4  prepositions  :   iS—dyopevcj^  aKovu^  dnTu  (3)  .oiiat  (i), 
fSovlevG)  (3)  -o^a^(i),  J^rJ/jd^T/cw,  rJi^w,  klavvu^  epo)^  ^^0^(3) 
-o/za^  (l),  K?.yG)^  Krdofiat^  /uiyvvjui^  infivyGKO)^  bfptiAcj^  ttoAu 
opK^D^  TcpdaoLj^  GKOTricj^  (popeo) 


3  prepositions 
2 

V  «4 


32 

97 
181 


Total  not  including  10  middles  :  387 


i8  Composition  of  Verbs 

It  is  unnecessary  to  demonstrate  the  interdepend- 
ence   and    kinship    of    the    notions    of    motion    and 
olace     Place  involves  motion  just  as  the  preposition 
involves  the  verb.     It  also  lies  implicitly  in  the  na- 
ture  of  the    subject   that   certain   forms   of   motion 
will  have  a  natural  affinity  for  certain  relations  of 
place,  while  some  forms  of  both  motion  and  place 
will  absolutely  refuse  to  coalesce.     This  >s  dt,e  to 
the  different  modifications  of  motion  assumed  by  the 
verb     By  modification  of  motion,  we  mean :  the  al- 
teration of  its  color,   the  definition  of  its  kind,  or 
the    indication    of    its    direction.      Absolutely    pure 
motion  is  free  from  such  modification.    If  there  were 
a  verb  which  designated  motion  without  reference  to 
color,  direction    or  kind,  it  could  be  said  to  express 
pure   motion.     But  pure   motion   does  not   exist   in 
language.     Language  begins  with  concrete  notions, 
however  general  the  application  which  the  expres- 
sion of  that  notion  may  have  had,  after  the  notion 
had  once  taken  form.     Thus  there  are  verbs  vv-^^iich 
express  motion  in  a  more  general  way  than  others. 
E   g    dfH,  however  concrete  the  notion  for  .vhich  it 
originally  stood,  is  used  for  so  many  different  kinds 
of  motion,  that,  for  purposes  of  these  papers,  it  can 
be  said  to  express  relatively  pure  motion. 

The  motion  in  a  verb  may  be  modified  either  in- 
ternally or  externally. 


-/ 


N 


WITH  Prepositions 


19 


mJ   1i^ 


FOURTH  PAPER 

Internal  AIodification 

For  purposes  of  the  present  papers,  verbs  may  be 
divided  into  two  classes:  those  expressing  actual 
motion,  and  those  expressing  potential  motion. 
Verbs  of  actual  motion  include  those  verbs  which 
express  motion  with  its  kind,  direction  or  color 
more  or  less  distinctly  marked.  Verbs  of  potential 
motion  include  verbs  of  existence,  speech,  thought, 
perception. 

Verbs  expressing  relatively  pure  motion  are  rare, 
but  language  does  not  require  many.  The  verbs 
el/u^  epXOfZQL  (kA6tiv)  and  more  remotely,  fiairu)^  furnish 
the  best  examples  of  relatively  pure  motion  in  the 
language. 

That  dut  is  well  selected  is  attested  by  the  follow- 
ing considerations:  I  It  is  used  for  various  kinds 
of  motion  without  distinction.  Thus,  for  zvalking: 
II  7  213:  7ro(7(7Lv  7/U  finKf)d  iStf-iuc;  for  hastening:  Od  15 
213:  a7j:  avTog  Kalkov  dovp  slaerai ;  for  ^ight  of  birds: 
II  17  756;  for  the  motion  of  things:  II  3  611: 
neleKvgelGLvdLcuhvpoq-^  etc.  II  It  is  shown  by  the  al- 
most equal  balance  of  the  "whither"  and  "whence"  re- 
lations as  seen  in  the  composition  of  the  verb  with  the 


20  Composition  of  Verbs 

prepositions  o-Trh  and  ^pk.  a-t'iu  occurring  22,  times 
and  -/'««'/«  29  times.  This  consideration  is  not  set 
aside  by  the  fact  that  i^~^  occurs  83  times  m  compo- 
sition with  this  verb,  because  i-l  is  hostile,  the 
sphere  of  i'lha,.  in  Thucydides  being  military— a 
fact  constantly  to  be  borne  in  mind.  Hence  the  pre- 
ponderance of  f'Ti  is  of  no  account  in  this  connection. 
•E,,X0'uu(e7Mv)  is  a  good  example  also,  as  shown  by 
the  following  facts:  I  It  is  frequently  used  with  a 
supplementary  participle  showing  the  manner  or  the 
kind  of  the  motion.     Thus,  //  n  715 :  'z^'^' '^^r^'<^«'  »'^ 

10  510:  '^^>iimvoQmij<:\  Od  6  Ao:  ^oM',mv  ,m<'^»^\ 

11  5   204:   m:iK  e'M/^ovHa ;    of   flying:    Od    14   334-      I" 
fact  the  use  of  this  verb  of  the  motion  of  spears, 
javelins,   or  of   natural   phenomena   such   as   rivers, 
wind  and  storm,  clouds  and  stars,  time  and  sound 
is  too  frequent  to  need  confirmatory  references  and 
quite  sufficient  to  denote  the  relative  purity  of  the 
idea  of  motion  contained  in  it.    II  Another  evidence 
is  furnished  bv  the  fact  that  ii>.X"f^"'  plays  the  part  ot 
present  to  both  '}^<^  and  '«W",  two  verbs  of  motion 
with    exactly    opposite    points    of    view.      Ill  Here 
again  we  find  that  same  prepositional  balance  as  in 
the  case  of  *'/",  except  that  in  this  case  the  preposi- 
tions are  i^«  and  em,  a^ipxoi"^'  {^-^1.)  and  e^W'>/'ai 
(em/Mv)  each  occurring  76  times. 

Next  to  «/"  and  f/'A","«'  ('>''"").  though  by  a  consid- 
erable interval,  ranks  i^ain.,.  In  .3a,V<.  at  least  the  color 
becomes  visible.  Yet  no  little  freedom  is  also  here 
manifest,  as  a  participle  often  accompanies  the  verb 
to  show  the  kind  of  motion.  Thus,  //  2  167: 
prj  kliaca ;  and  id  2  665 :  l^v  ^f^)'""-    Another  evidence 


y 


WITH  Prepositions 


21 


is  that  certain  tenses  of  l^ah'io  are  represented  by  f///^ 
and  t()xofiai  {fWht). 

These  three  verbs,  ^li^t^  tpxo/uai  (t/Mv)  and  i^aln.)^  sus- 
tain very  much  the  same  relation  to  what  are  ordi- 
narily classed  in  the  grammars  as  verbs  of  motion,  as 
TTo/Zw  does  to  what  are  more  broadly  termed  verbs  of 
action. 

The  moment  color  is  given  to  the  motion  of  a  verb, 
that  moment  internal  modification  sets  in  and  the 
sphere  of  the  verb  is  narrowed.  The  first  curtail- 
ment is  given  to  the  idea  of  motion  in  the  expression 
of  its  character  or  kind.  Thus,  ;:^^//>6>,  -tfi-u^  -i-rco, 
(ptfKo^  'LOTi/fu^  Ti6i/iu^  Q'(j;  and  ^'/-tio.  6tu),  T()f(pio,  ctc.  Still 
further  curtailment,  and  more  important  in  this  con- 
nection, is  seen  in  verbs  which  express  with  greater 
or  less  definiteness,  the  direction  of  their  motion. 
Thus,  f'/'Kco^  (uxo[iai^  6i(l)Kt.)^  aKo/.ovfiio).  etc.  Verbs  in  which 
the  idea  of  motion  is  obscured  or  even  lost  in  the 
color  of  the  action,  form  another  group,  by  far  the 
largest,  owing  to  the  almost  endless  varieties  of 
activity.  As  soon  as  a  new  activity  is  introduced 
into  life,  a  new  verb  is  created  in  language.  Thus 
the  history  of  the  verb  becomes  the  history  of  civili- 
zation. It  is  evident  that  verbs  like  "^/.tM^,  ;H^/w, 
fwxofinf^  etc,  have  more  color  or  are  more  picturesque 
than  f/7//,  7Tt-^/77L)  or  vkco;  while  verbs  like  fit>X('^,  /c/frrr^j, 
o/JiVfif^  Kai(.)^  etc,  possess  still  less  motion  if  not  indeed 
also  still  more  color.  Thus,  the  idea  of  motion  may 
be  almost  wholly  supplanted  as  in  verbs  like  fi'^^w 
and  ^iijOKu).     Thus  we  see  that  the  idea  of  motion  in 

a  verb  is  modified  internally  in  color,  kind  or  direc- 
tion. 


0 
0^ 


\ 


* 


22  COMPOSITIOX   OF  VeRBS 

External  Modification 

In  external  modification  the  problem  is  simpler.    It 
it  not  germane  to  our  subject  to  discuss  here  the  ex- 
ternal limitations  of  motion  effected  by  adverbial  or 
adnominal  means.     Such  influences  do  not  effect  any 
change  in  the  character  of  the  motion  expressed  by 
the  verb.    I  have  already  defined  what  I  mean  by  the 
term  modification.     External  modification  is  limited 
to  direction  and  hence  to  the  prepositions.    We  have 
to   do   here   with   prepositions   in   composition   only. 
Our  subject  might  be  stated  thus:    The  limits  set  to 
external  modification  by  internal  modification.     It  is 
evident  that  certain  kinds  of  motion  are  inconsistent 
with  certain  varieties  of  direction.  Such  limitations  are 
natural.    Again  certain  other  kinds  of  motion  may  be 
so  characteristic  of  certain  departments  of  literature 
as  to  be  confined  more  or  less  strictly  to  these  depart- 
ments.    On  the  other  hand,  the  department  may  be 
of  such  a  nature  as  to  exclude  certain  varieties  of 
direction  or  of  modification.    Again,  the  affiliation  of 
a  certain  kind  of  motion  for  a  certain  direction  may 
be  so  strong  as  bv  that  very  fact  to  refuse  affiliation 
with  other  directions  in  no  way  hostile  in  themselves 
thus  bringimr   about   usurpation    from   the   point   of 
view  of  tiie  direction,  and  exclusion  from  the  point 
of  view  of  motion.     Such  limitations  are  empirical 

and  artificial. 

Having  thus  seen  that  the  principal  elements  at  the 
basis  of  verb  and  preposition  are  motion,  place,  direc- 
tion  let  us  see  how  these  elements  affect  the  compo- 


./ 


WITH   PkEI'OSITIOXS 


23 


sition  of  verbs  with  prepositions,  so  far  as  indicated 
by  the  language  of  Thucydides ;  and  what  light  they 
throw  on  the  questions  of  range,  affinity,  favoritism, 
loss  of  color,  etc,  announced  at  the  beginning  of  our 
discussion. 

Perhaps  the  most  practical  way  of  getting  at  a  re- 
sult is  to  collect  all  the  verbs  having  the  greatest  com- 
binable  range  of  prepositions  together,  and  place  side 
by  side  with  them  those  verbs  having  the  next  high- 
est range,  and  so  on  to  a  point  where  a  clear  observa- 
tion can  be  made  of  the  change  which  takes  place  in 
the  kind,  direction  or  character  of  the  motion  ex- 
pressed by  them,  as  their  prepositional  ranges  be- 
come narrower.  See  Table  II,  page  17,  for  a  list 
arranged  for  this  purpose. 

As  I  have  already  shown,  relatively  pure  motion  is 
best  seen  in  cl/J-iy  ^/M'^V^'^^^  (t/Oelr)  and  ,^(iiy(^.  This  mo- 
tion is  stamped  with  a  certain  character  in  the 
verbs,  ISd?:Ao),  ayo).  txo),  (pepu,  etc,  is  given  manner  in 
7TA£io^  TT/Trrw,  'i(77?/iN,  dfo),  ctc,  dircctlou  in  '/'vw,  /f/Vw, 
kKouai,  (hG)KO),  etc,  while  in  verbs  like  //'lv'V^^^  avcr.K'Ko), 
etc,  the  color  of  the  action  is  more  prominent  than 
the  notion  of  motion,  which  continues  to  grow  less  in 
apX(^,  (U'G),  ye/do),  and  is  scarcely  felt  at  all  in  //'^//^>w, 
ei'f^o;.  6nj(7K(i), 

The  same  variation  in  color  is  also  seen  in  verbs 
expressing  potential  motion.  Thus,  in  verbs  of  ex- 
istence, f^i/i'i  and  yiyvoiifu  may  be  taken  as  being  most 
nearly  colorless.  The  metaphysical  idea  of  motion 
in  such  verbs  often  becomes  physical  when  given 
direction.     But  the  idea  of  motion  fades  out  ;^s  the 


\ 


24 


Composition  of  Verbs 


WITH  Prepositions 


25 


idea  of  existence  gives  place  to  condition.     Cf  s<^w, 
evdaiuovtb). 

In  like  manner,  in  the  case  of  verbs  of  speech, 
ayoptvu)^  eIttov  and  '/tyt-o  {(prj^n  not  occurring  in  compo- 
sition) may  be  said  to  be  most  nearly  colorless.  But 
the  idea  of  speech  assumes  character  in  /vo/fw  aad 
ypdcpu^*  still  more  so  in  /3oaw,  (hiKw/u/^  still  more  so  in 
ijjr^(l)t^o)-ojuaij  bfivvfii^  /uaprvptu-ofiaf^  and  becomes  faint  in 

Again  in  verbs  of  thought  and  perception.  This  va- 
riety of  potential  motion  finds  its  purest  expression  in 
the  verbs  votD-onai^  y^rcjcTKco  (olofiai  not  being  used  in 
composition),  becoming  colored  in  Kpivu-ofja/  on  the 
one  hand,  and  in  d(hv,  opdcj  a,nd  (iko  no  on  the  other; 
while  in  //////'// n^,),  (poStu  and  I/ttKio  the  mobility  of 
the  thought  is  replaced  by  color,  and  in  aindarouai  and 
juavddro)  the  notions  of  thought  and  perception  are 
mixed. 

It  appears  therefore  from  this  general  survey  of 
the  combinable  verbs,  with  the  aid  of  the  statistical 
tables  given  above,  that  the  range  of  prepositions  is 
largest  in  the  case  of  those  verbs  which  express 
motion  most  nearly  in  its  purity,  actual  or  potential, 
physical  or  in  the  form  of  existence,  speech,  thought, 
or  perception;  and  as  those  notions  give  place  to 
definition  of  color,  kind  or  direction,  the  range  of 
prepositions  grows  less.     That  is  to  say : 

/;/  general,  the  range  of  combinable  prepositions  of 
a  verb  is  in  direct  ratio  to  the  nearness  with  which 
the  verb  expresses  pure  motion. 

♦The  constructions  o{  ypCK^Lo  ]w%\.\{y  this  classification. 


Until  other  authors  are  examined  in  the  same  way, 
however,  we  cannot  safely  go  further  than  to  say 
that  the  indications  for  Thucydides  point  in  this 
direction,  and  even  here  there  are  a  few  possible  ob- 
jections. These  are  not  many  and  not  difficult  to 
answer. 


f 


26 


CoMPOSiTiOxN  OF  Verbs 


A 


WITH  Prepositions 


27 


FIFTH  PAPER 

Objections  Refuted 

I  It  may  be  urged  that    /M//w,    although   not   ex- 
pressing pure  motion  as  we  have  defined  it,  inasmuch 
as  the  character  of  the  motion  is  designated,  never- 
theless has  a  larger  range  of  prepositions  than  any 
other  verb  including  any  of  those  instanced  as  verbs 
of    relatively   pure   motion.     That    is   to    say,     ;^^''//^ 
heads  the  list  with  a   range  of   16  prepositions,   no 
other  single  verb  in  Thucydides  having  more  than  14. 
'Ttto  is  the  onlv  preposition  out  of  the  17  proper  prose 
prepositions  with  which   it  does   not  combine.     But 
both  aucpl  and  i'^o  are  in  its  Homeric  range.     On  the 
other  hand,  due  has  a  range  of  only  12,  n^X<>H^"  (^'^''") 
13,  and  l^aivco  13.     In  reply,  there  are  three  considera- 
tions that  must  not  be  overlooked:   (i)   Not  one  of 
the  verbs  dut^  epxoiuu  {^/(itiv)  and  :^(i'^'^'>  has  in  its  sim- 
ple  form   a   complete   tense-system,   and   hence   they 
supply  each  other's  deficiencies.     Take  the  three  verbs 
as  one,  however,  and  the  range  of  prepositions  in- 
creases to  15.         (2)   The  absence  of  ovr>   from  the 
range  of  dm.  ^pxofiai  (tvem')  and  M'^'^^-^   is  significant. 
It  is  due  to  the  intense  feeling  of  ^ht/.      This  con- 
sciousness of   cirr}   shows  itself  in  other  ways  to  be 
noticed  later  on.     Its  sensitiveness  is  so  marked  as  to 


attract  a  verb  of  more   feeling  or  color  than   mere 
motion,    and    hence    it    is    found    with    verbs    like 
ayiDvl^oimc^  elrrov^  'igt7//u,  Taaau)^  etc.     This  community  of 
feeling  between  verb  and  preposition  we  shall  have 
occasion  to  notice  again  in  still  other  manifestations. 
That  the  feeling  of  ''^^'^    in  composition  is  stronger 
than  that  of  any  other  preposition,  appears  in  dipro- 
thetics  and  triprothetics.      Its  range  of  diprothetics 
relative  to  its  whole  combinable  range  is  greater  than 
that  of  any  other  preposition  and  it  is  first  element 
in  5  out  of  9  triprothetics.     (3)  t"^'^'^'^^'  is  a  military 
term.      Thucydides    is    a    military    history.      Every 
possible  turn  to  perhaps  the  most  comprehensive  mili- 
tary term  in  the  whole  range  of  the  language,  would 
most  naturally  be   necessary,   owing  to   the   military 
character  of  the  department.    This  would  account  for 
the  large  prepositional  range  of  -'■'>>'''  in  Thucydides. 
In  Homer  on  the  other  hand,  where  the  department 
is  the  same,  its  range  is  limited  to  14,  including  the 
poetic  «o///,  v/hile  /^'?/i"<'>  alone  has  a  range  of  I5<  which 
increases    to    17,    counting    ^i!'oi    in    connection    with 
epxofifii^   (d/Mv)  and   din,   nrr}    still   being  the   missing 
link.     This  infiuence  of  department  manifests     itself 
again  in  a  negative  way  in  Demosthenes,  where    -^'///'-^ 
stands  15   (daSaZ-Zi'^   the  most  military  of  all  military 
terms,  naturally  being  missing),  while  the  duf-tpx^'!^^^'- 
and  i^nivG) — combination  stands  16. 

II  Another  objection  of  very  much  the  same  sort 
might  be  raided  from  the  fact  that  }/"'ot^  in  the  verbs 
of  speech,  has  a  range  of  9  prepositions,  which  is 
larger  than  that  of  any  of  the  verbs  cited  as  express- 
in^  relatively  pure   speech,    ('r^opevD,    drrov     or    /«^;f«^ 


/^. 


28 


Composition  of  Verbs 


True,  ayopevu  has  a  range  of  but  4,  nTzov  7,  and  /^';w 
5.  But  here  again,  as  in  the  case  of  verbs  of  rela- 
tively pure  physical  motion,  no  one  of  the  verbs 
makes  a  complete  system  of  Attic  tenses.  Taken 
collectively  they  have  a  range  of  10  prepositions. 
Tpdc^io  had  the  advantage  in  that  it  started  life  as  a 
verb  of  actual  motion.  Its  later  legal  sphere  was 
again  in  its  favor.  That  >y^^/oa>  should  get  the  better 
of  the  verbs  most  nearly  colorless  in  the  orators,  is 
what  would  be  expected  from  the  legal  technique 
employed  in  that  department.  Accordingly,  in  De- 
mosthenes, the  proportion  is  13  for  }/>«9^,  as  against 
8  for  the  group  ayopd'u^  el-ov  and  >h  ^^• 

III  A  third  objection  may  be  found  in  the  narrow 
range  of  prepositions  of  the  verbs  LKvhfnu  and  ^rt'/.'/M), 
in  which  the  notion  of  motion  clearly  predom- 
inates. Here  again  the  community  of  feeling  be- 
tween verb  and  preposition  comes  into  play,  espe- 
cially in  the  case  of  lnvtofiai.  In  lnvtoiiat,  ''arrive", 
the  point  of  view  of  the  motion  is  'Svhence".  The 
notion  is  not   so  much  ''Come  to",  as  ''come  from 

to".     Hence  «^o    is  the  preposition   for  which 

iavto^aL  has  the  strongest  affinity.  But  the  addition 
of  (iTTo  did  not  create  any  modification  in  the  idea 
of  the  verb.  The  notion  was  still  "arrive",  the  point 
of  view  of  the  motion  being  simply  reinforced. 
Now  began  a  race  between  iKvtouai  and  h6iKvt<nnu^  in 
which  a6LKV£0LL(Li  was  the  winner,  debarring  its  rival 
entirely  from  the  track  of  prose.  The  problem 
which  the  language  then  had  to  solve  had  changed 
from  defining  the  direction  of  /Ar/o//r//  to  defining 
the  direction  of  (lOiKvioiint,  that  is,  from  defining  the 


(    f 


f 

i 


WITH  Prepositions 


29 


direction  of  a  simple,  to  defining  the  direction  of  a 
compound.      But    the    language    does    not    take    so 
kindly   to    diprothetic    composition   as    to    monopro- 
thetic,   and   although   attempt   was   made   even   here 
toward     diprothetic    composition,     of    which     occa- 
sional   evidence   remains  (^'ioai^iKvtofmL    Od    12   40;    8 
times   in  Homer;  T^po-  and  TrpooaipiKvh^ai^   see  Table 
II*),  yet  it  preferred  in  this  case  to  show  the  direc- 
tion by  prepositions  in  the  simple  form.     The  com- 
bination   cKpfuveofiaL    made    the    loss    of    color    of  (^'^o 
merely   a   matter   of   time.      Thus   in    h<piKvt'oimi    the 
compound  has  usurped  the  place  of  the  simple,  the 
preposition  aird  having  come  in  to  the  exclusion  (or 
nearly  so)  of  other  prepositions,  though  a  few  cases 
exist   of   iKveofiai    in    composition    with   ^f(K  ^'^^    (one 
each  in  Thuc),  with  ^^^«,  ^vc  and  f^ara  (Hom)  and  tTzl 

(Dem). 

The  case  of  (7T£?2g)  is  of  the  same  kind  with  the 
additional  circumstance  that  the  official  character 
of  Gre?2o)  gives  it  a  much  narrower  range  of  prepo- 
sitions (see  Table  I*).  When  crrtv/^  fails,  TTf.j-u 
supplies  the  deficiencies. 

Additional  evidence  for  the  truth  of  our  main 
thesis  is  derived  from  a  consideration  of  the  dipro- 
thetics  and  triprothetics.  Here  as  in  monoprothetic 
composition,  where  there  exists  most  mobility,  there 
exists  also  most  modification.  The  more  nearly  the 
idea  of  the  simple  verb  approaches  pure  motion,  the 
wider   its   range  of  diprothetic  combinations.     Pur- 


*The  tables  to  which  reference  is  made  are  described  in  the  foot- 
note on  p  14. 


30 


Composition  of  Verbs 


suing  the  same  method  as  in  monoprothetics,  we 
find  that,  with  reference  to  range  of  diprothetic 
combinations,  the  verbs  run  as  follows: 


elfit 

[ia'ivio 
alpeo) 

7]UaL 
?M/LLi3dvO) 


13 
II 

10 

9 

9 

8 

6 
6 
6 
6 

5 


GTe7.}.u 

^d?JGKO) 

f3il3d^o) 
ytyvuGKu 

t16//jui 


5 
4 
4 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 


For  further  particulars  see  Table  II. 

The  dfit—epx(¥ai  (fZ^e2v)—^3aa'w— combination  gives 
us  here  a  remarkable  range  of  22  prepositional 
doublets.  The  prominence  of  'lorr/fii  in  this  con- 
nection is  interesting.  The  large  number  of  com- 
binations possible  with  'toryfu  is  due  to  the  predom- 
inance of  ^«'«  and  ^vci  as  second  elements  in  its 
diprothetics.  The  modification  produced  in  the  mo- 
tion of  'lorf/uL  by  ^'«'^i  and  (iva  in  composition  with 
it,  is  not  so  much  a  change  in  its  direction  as^  a 
reinforcement  and  an  extension  of  it,  from  opposite 
points  of  view.  "Up"  and  "down",  like  "high" 
and  "deep",  are  the  same  idea  logically,  but  from 
exactly  opposite  points  of  view.  So  the  diprothetic 
compounds  of  ''(yr?/fu  which  have  Kara  or   av^^^  as  sec- 


1. 
\ 


WITH  Prepositions 


3^ 


ond  element,  give,  in  feeling,  practically  a  monopro- 
thetic  resultant.  In  this  same  way  Kntii/uai  aston- 
ishes us  with  a  range  of  6  combinations,  although 
both  a  usurpation  and  an  exclusive  in  its  monopro- 
thetic  form.  The  explanation,  however,  is  easy,  as 
the  diprothetics  of  ^},Ltcu  are  practically  monoprothetic 
in  feeling,  owing  to  loss  of  color  in  Kara,  the  second 
element  in  composition. 

In  the  case  of  triprothetics,  9  in  all,  the  range  of 
verbs  is  too  narrow  for  valuable  results  from  com- 
parison, but  so  far  as  they  go,  they  fall  into  line 
with  the  views  advanced  in  this  paper.  Four  of 
them,  a)^  f?/^',  epxo^at  (eWtlv)^  ior?////,  all  in  the  fore- 
ground as  verbs  of  motion,  will  also  be  remembered 
as  the  most  prominent  diprothetics  and  am.ong  the 
most  prominent  monoprothetics.  It  is  a  curious  fact 
that  the  remaining  three,  tAah'to,  otUo  and  tipiGKo),  in 
which  the  idea  of  motion  is  by  no  means  secondary, 
are  not  found  among  the  diprothetics  of  Thucydi- 
des.  The  discussion  of  these  verbs  in  their  tripro- 
thetic  relation  belongs  to  the  ajva^  i]pi]uh'a  of  Thu- 
cydides,  a  treatment  of  which  is  not  germane  to 
this  investigation. 


32 


Composition  of  Verbs 


WITH  Prepositions 


33 


SIXTH  PAPER 

Suggested  Corollaries 

Growing  out  of  the  above  discussion  are  several 
special  phenomena,  from  a  consideration  of  which 
can  be  deduced  corollaries  to  the  main  theorem. 
Within  the  limits  of  the  present  study  we  cannot 
hope  to  be  exhaustive  or  more  than  suggestive,  as 
many  of  the  points  alluded  to  could,  of  themselves, 
be  carried  out  to  the  point  of  special  monographs. 

Favoritism  of  Verbs  for  Certain  Prepositions 

One  of  the  first  things  to  strike  the  eye  in  an 
examination  of  the  foregoing  statistical  tables,  is 
the  great  preponderance  of  some  prepositions  over 
others  with  certain  verbs.  Let  us  see  if  there  is 
any  principle  underlying  such  favoritism,  and  what 
light  it  throws  on  the  general  subject  of  the  compo- 
sition of  verbs  with  prepositions,  ft  is  not  our 
purpose  to  discuss  each  individual  case,  but  merely 
to  point  out  general  tendencies.  A  few  examples 
from  Table  I*  bearing  on  each  point  will  suffice. 


i 


*A11  references  to  the  tables  are  to  the  four  original  tables 
described  in  the  footnote  on  p  14. 


I    Extension  and  Reinforcement 

'A/AaGGo)  combines  with  «7r6  27  times  to  24  times 
in  all  wuth  6  other  prepositions.  The  idea  of 
"change",  "alter",  naturally  carries  with  it  a  very 
strong  feeling  for  the  relation  "from",  and  hence  the 
marked  preference  for  citto. 

BorjOtio^  as  would  naturally  be  expected  from  its 
meaning,  is  found  with  f?^/'  27  times,  with  t^o^  25 
times,  twice  as  frequently  as  with  any  other  prepo- 
sition. In  like  manner  i^exofjai  favors  ^/^of,  the  ratio 
being  '^p6g  :  5  others  :  :  55  :  36;  thus  ^io}K(o  favors 
Kara  and  ^ttI;  tjku)  favors  ^po^',  tivyoKu  favors  (i~o\ 
'iGTfjjut  favors  Kard'^  TrijUTzcj  favors  ^'^o  and  f '^ ;  gtI'/./u 
favors  aTTo  ;  k7.avvo)  favors  f/v' ;  eTvo/uat  favors  f tt/  ;  etc. 
Thus  we  see  that  the  first  movement  between  the 
verb  and  the  preposition  is  in  the  line  of  the  least 
resistance — extension  and  reinforcement.  The  na- 
ture of  a  verb  can  be  best  appreciated  by  a  study  of 
its  favorite  prepositions,  the  nature  of  a  preposition, 
from  its  favorite  verbs. 

II    Exclusion 

This  preference  of  a  verb  for  a  preposition  may 
be  so  strong  as  to  drive  out  all  other  prepositions, 
as  in  the  case  of  dyelpcj  with  (^i'v,  after  Homer.  In 
like  manner,  Kaiu  with  nard ;  KTeivo  with  (itto  ;  (pOtipu) 
with  (^td  (with  ^770  once  in  Thuc).  This  gives  rise 
to  what  we  may  term  exclusion.  Verbs  which  com- 
bine with  only  one  preposition  may  be  called  ex- 
clusives.      Exclusives,    however,    are   to   be    sharply 

3 


34  Composition  of  Verbs 

distinguished  from  aira^  elpjifiha,  since  a  single  oc- 
currence would  not  generate  sufficient  force  to  pro- 
duce exclusion. 

Ill    Usurpation 

Again  the  preference  of  the  verb  for  the  prepo- 
sition may  be  so  marked  as  to  bring  about  usurpa- 
tion, or  a  complete  effacement  of  the  simple  by  the 
compound.  Such  usurpations  are  most  notable 
among  exclusives,  though  cases  are  not  infrequent 
where  the  different  compounds  have  acted  con- 
jointly to  the  displacement  of  the  simple.  Thus 
of  the  first  sort  are  avoiywfif,  ava?6o),  havnooficu, 
Ka68i;ofiai,  KdOr^/iiai,  etc.  Examples  of  the  latter  are: 
the  compounds  of  «^^'^^,  ^^fw,  etc. 

IV  Phraseological  Expressions 

This  preference  for  a  certain  preposition  is  often 
due  merely  to  a  transferred  signification  imported 
by  the  prepositional  element  which  gives  a  phraseo- 
logical    resultant.       Thus,    ^vfi^^alv^o,  hndn^y,  ^apu^i, 

TTapex",  etc. 

V  Loss  of  Color  of  Prepositions 
Another  natural  concomitant  of  this  principle  of 

favoritism  is  the  loss  of  color  of  the  preposition. 
This  has  already  been  incidentally  alluded  to.  This 
loss  of  color  is  most  prominent  in  compounds  which 
are  mere  reinforcements  of  the  meanings  of  the 
simples.  Where  least  needed,  the  feeling  is  least. 
We  look  for  loss  of  color,  therefore,  first  in  ex- 
tensions,   exclusions     and    usurpations.      In    exten- 


•- 


/  -  - 


WITH  Prepositions 


35 


\ 


^ 


sions,  the  similarity  in  meaning,  which  was  the  basis 
of  the  attraction,  became  the  cause  of  the  fading  out 
of  the  color.  What  became  the  life  of  the  com- 
pound became  the  death  of  the  preposition  in  the 
compound.  In  exclusions  and  usurpations  the  loss 
of  color  became  easier  by  reason  of  the  absence  of 
contrast  with  other  prepositions  which  would  have 
operated  to  some  extent  in  keeping  up  the  difference 
in  feeling.  The  function  of  the  simple  becomes 
the  function  of  the  compound,  the  simple  often 
being  relegated  to  poetry  while  the  compound  does 
duty  in  prose.  The  simple  often  reappears  in  late 
Greek,  a  striking  parallel  to  which  is  found  in  the 
Silver  Latinity.  Thus,  KaOt^^ojuai,  k^o/unc  being  poetic 
and  late  Greek.  Cf  also  (Kp/Kveofiar^  avoiywjuLi  and 
aKoiy.viit.  The  preposition  is  sometimes  ignored  in 
augment.  Thus  rjvUr/^iai^  N  T  Rev  lo  8;  Heliodor 
9  9;  r]ve(.)xdt/v^  Dio  Cass  44  17;  tmSt^ourjv  Xen  An  i 
5  9;  and  frequently  in  Attic.  The  emergence  in  late 
Greek  of  strengthened  compounds  often  follows  loss 
of  color  in  the  preposition.  Thus,  the  strengthened 
combinations  TrpocjETn-;  kTrtTrpoG-;  e^arro-^  dne^-;  avfifiera-^ 
ueraavV' ;  Trpoaeia- ;  Karavri-  and  avriKara-^  are  not  un- 
common in  late  Greek,  but  rare  in  classical  Greek. 
Cf  Table  III. 

VI    Relative  Consciousness  of  Prepositions 

The  loss  of  color  in  the  preposition  naturally  sug- 
gests the  relative  consciousness  of  the  prepositions. 
Here  again  we  cannot  hope  to  be  more  than  sug- 
gestive.    Valuable   service   is   rendered   in  this  con- 


36 


Composition  of  Verbs 


nection  by  the  diprothetics.    A  careful  examination 
of  Tables  II  and  III  will  show  the  operation  of  two 
principles   in   diprothetic   composition.     First— a  de- 
sire   for    reinforcement— the    extension    side.     Sec- 
ond—a   desire    for    modification— the    plastic    side. 
Now  reinforcement  implies  weakness.    Language  is 
continually    building   itself    up    where    long    use    or 
abuse  has  broken   it   down.     In   the  case  of  mono- 
prothetics  it  is  evident  that  most  weakness  is  found 
in    extensions    and    usurpations.      A    monoprothetic 
whose   prepositional   element   has   faded   out   is   felt 
as  a  simple.     This  leads  either   to  a  discarding  of 
the  preposition  altogether  and  a  restoration  of  the 
simple,  as  actually  occurs  in  late  Greek,  or  to  rem- 
forcement.     Reinforcement   of    such    monoprothetics 
gives  a  diprothetic  form  but  a  monoprothetic  feel- 
ing.   The  language  of  Thucydides  presents  us  with 
a  range  of  387  separate  monoprothetics,  but  only  86 
diprothetics.     It   is   fair   then   to   conclude   that_  the 
language  may  consent  to  a  single  union  but  resist  a 
double   one,    and   since   the   growth   of  language   is 
along  the  line  of  the  least  resistance,  we  find  that 
diprothetics    having    reinforcement    as    their    cause 
greatly    preponderate    over    the    plastic    use.      Now 
when  language  reinforces  it  brings  to  bear  the  most 
powerful   means  at  its  command.    This   is  seen   in 
the  predominant  prepositions  in  diprothetic  compo- 
sition.   Those  prepositions  hold  their  color  longest 
which  play  the  most  prominent  role  in  diprothetics 
and   triprothetics.     Thus,  avrl    appears  as   first   ele- 
ment in  27,  M  in  39-  f^'"  in  50,  ^P^  in  35,  and   ^!>o( 
in  17  diprothetics,  while  of  triprothetics,  «'"'  has  5. 


V 


f 


{ 


V/ 


k 


WITH  Prepositions 


37 


and  ^t'^  7r/)d,  tt^joc  and  ^'^ro,  have  each  one.  The  ab- 
sence of  £7r2  in  triprothetics  would  seem  to  militate 
against  this  view,  but  coincident  with  this  absence, 
it  occurs  as  a  second  element  in  8  out  of  the  9  tri- 
prothetics in  Thucydides,  reinforced  by  (ivrl  in  5 
out  of  the  8  cases  and  by  T^m  in  one,  thus  indicating 
the  fading  out  of  the  color  of  ^tt^  in  diprothetics. 

This  tendency  to  make  that  combination  in  which 
there  will  be  the  most  strength,  shows  itself  in  an- 
other way.     In  the  formation  of  a  diprothetic,  when 
there    exists    a    choice    between    monoprothetics    in 
EK  or   oTrd,  or  between  f/f  and  '^m,   or  between  ^^^'« 
and  cLVTi,  the  forms  in  f/c,  ^k   and   ^«'«  are  chosen. 
The    exceptions    can    usually    be    explained.      Thus 
ay(o   (see  Table  II)  has  f«  instead  of  (i^o  as  second 
element    in    diprothetics ;  f  v^^  f /^  3    times,  «7ro  once ; 
epxofiai^  EK  instead  of  arro ;  't(jr?/iLLt   does  not  count,   as 
other   considerations   are   involved,   such   as   loss   of 
color  of  Kara  and  the  military  character  of  a^/W/////, 
accounting  for  the  preponderance  of  these  elements 
here.     In   this   phenomenon   we   are   limited   to   the 
class  of  diprothetics  which  represent  the  plastic  side. 
Naturally   enough,   those   simples   predominate   here 
in    which    the    motion    is    least    obscured.     Where 
modification    is    necessary,    room    and    mobility    are 
needed.     It    follows    that    the    second    elements    of 
diprothetics    represent    two    opposite    conditions    of 
things:    ist,    loss   of   color   of   the    preposition;    2d, 
vividness    of    preposition.     In    the    first    case,    rein- 
forcement was  aimed  at;  in  the  second,  modification 
of  the   idea   of   the   verb.      Hence   there   is   greater 
diprothetic   feeling   in   the   latter   class   than   in   the 


.aws^-^fawsw:* 


1 


38 


Composition  of  Verbs 


former,  and  from  this  follows  the  comparative  ease 
with  which  diprothetics  of  the  former  class  were 
formed  and  their  consequent  preponderance  over  the 

latter  class. 

In  triprothetics,  the  principle  of  reinforcement 
again  is  chiefly  operative,  and  here  naturally  enough, 
the  second  element  is  the  least  conscious.  It  is 
noticeable  that  £77!  is  second  element  in  8  of  the  9 
triprothetics  in  Thucydides. 

Summary 

In  the  foregoing  discussion  I  have  succeeded  in 
deducing  the  following  general  principle  for  Thu- 
cydides : 

In  general  the  range  of  coinbinable  prepositions 
of  a  verb  is  in  direct  ratio  to  the  nearness  with 
which  the  verb  expresses  pure  motion. 

From  the  demonstration  of  this  theorem  can  be 
deduced  the  following  corollaries: 

1  A  verb  unites  most  readily  and  first  with  that 
preposition  which  is  in  a  sense  an  extension  of  its 

own  meaning. 

2  The  converse  is  also  true,  that  that  preposition 
has  the  greatest  affinity  for  those  verbs  which  are  in 
line  with  its  own  direction. 

3  The  character  of  a  verb  is  best  shown  by  its 
favorite  prepositions,  or  more  narrowly,  the  best 
index  of  a  verb  is  its  favorite  preposition. 

4  The  converse  is  also  true,  that  the  character  of 
a  preposition  is  best  shown  by  its  favorite  verbs. 

t;  Favoritism  is  extension,  extension  leads  to  ex- 


i 


}• 


WITH  Prepositions 


39 


elusion,    exclusion    leads    to    usurpation.      All    con- 
tribute toward  the  loss  of  color  of  the  preposition. 

6  Loss  of  color  in  the  preposition  is  attended  with 
a  decline  of  the  simple,  a  narrow  range  of  com- 
binable  prepositions,  followed,  perhaps,  by  emerg- 
ence in  late  Greek  of  the  simple  or  of  a  strength- 
ened compound. 

7  Those  monoprothetics  which  are  extensions  of 
their  simples  or  which  reinforce  the  point  of  view 
of  the  simple,  enter  most  into  diprothetic  compo- 
sition. 

8  Those  prepositions  which  preponderate  in 
monoprothetics,  preponderate  also  as  second  ele- 
ments in  diprothetics. 

9  Those  prepositions  have  lost  most  color  which 
appear  most  as  second  elements  in  diprothetics. 

10  Those  prepositions  are  most  conscious  which 
appear  as  first  elements  in  diprothetics. 

11  In  general,  in  the  formation  of  diprothetics 
from  a  given  simple,  the  formation  is  made  on  the 
basis  of  the  monoprothetics  in  f«,  f'C  and  nard,  in- 
stead of  in  ano^  TTpog  and  avrl^  where  choice  is  pos- 
sible. 

12  In  triprothetics,  the  first  element  is  the  most 
conscious,  the  second  the  least,  while  the  third  is 
variable. 

It  is  the  operation  of  the  above  principles  that 
defines  the  Limitations  of  the  Composition  of  Verbs 
with  Prepositions  in  Thucydides. 


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